![]() Pain management during vaginal birth and delivery.Hysterectomy in different techniques used.Transurethral resection of the prostate and transurethral resection of bladder tumours.Nephrectomy and cystectomy in combination with general anaesthesia.Orthopaedic surgery on the pelvis, hip, femur, knee, tibia, and ankle, including arthroplasty and joint replacement.Procedures which use spinal anesthesia include: It is most commonly used for surgeries below the umbilicus, however recently its uses have extended to some surgeries above the umbilicus as well as for postoperative analgesia. Spinal anaesthesia is a commonly used technique, either on its own or in combination with sedation or general anaesthesia. ![]() 4.4 Differences with epidural anaesthesia.Recently, pencil point needles have been made available (Whitacre, Sprotte, Gertie Marx and others). The tip of the spinal needle has a point or small bevel. Locoregional analgesia, due to mainly the absence of motor and sympathic block may be preferred over locoregional anaesthesia in some postoperative care settings. ![]() ![]() The local anesthetic with or without an opioid injected into the cerebrospinal fluid provides locoregional anaesthesia: true analgesia, motor, sensory and autonomic (sympathic) blockade.Īdministering analgesics (opioid, alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist) in the cerebrospinal fluid without a local anaesthetic produces locoregional analgesia: markedly reduced pain sensation (incomplete analgesia), some autonomic blockade (parasympathetic plexi), but no sensory or motor block. It is a safe and effective form of anesthesia usually performed by anesthesiologists that can be used as an alternative to general anesthesia commonly in surgeries involving the lower extremities and surgeries below the umbilicus. Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. ![]()
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